top of Mount Tai: Siege and Kaifeng Jurchen agenda of

1214, under the constant threat Genghis Khan, Jin Jurchen rulers decided tomove south. After Zhong Jing and Yan Jing left hundreds of thousands of soldiersand civilians, they came to Kaifeng, south of the Yellow River, to takerefuge. At this time, the Mongolian army won the first phase of the GoldenWar, which was also an important start for its southward attack and destructionof the Jurchen army.

The Wanyan royal family at the time did not expect that Jin's southwardmovement did not stop its decline. Just 18 years later, their Nanjing willbe surrounded by more Mongolian troops.

Strong desire for survival The

rise of Genghis Khan was the biggest nightmare of the Jin Dynasty. In

1215, Genghis Khan ordered the full capture of Yanjing because Xu Jinguo wasunable to retain a large number of troops in Duzhong. Although theinfantry was still weak at that time, the grassland army still relied on siegeto exert pressure. In the end, it broke through the city on May 31 thisyear, completely disrupting the Jurchen Army's northern defenseline. Although the latter still has many troops on all sides, it isimpossible to integrate them into a combat force.

However, Golden State's troubles don't stop there. Since the main force ofthe field army was completely destroyed in the Battle of Yehuling in 1211, itwas impossible for two hearts to crush the local army. First, Yelugo wasnamed the Liao King by the Mongols and threatened the Jurchen Dragon torejuvenate the country in Northeast Asia. Thereafter, Pu Xianwannu, aJurchen general who was ordered to rebel and be defeated, became the king ofLiaodong. When Yanjing was destroyed by the Mongols, the Hung Hom Uprisingalso appeared in Shandong, further south. If Genghis Khan is not ready toattack Central Asia later, he may enter the central hinterland of China at afaster rate. However, the division commanded by Mukari still exists andhas been launching new attacks on areas controlled by the Golden State.

In a specific stage, Jin State needs to fight against six forces at the sametime.

In order to make up for the loss of war and accumulate more reserves, Jin Guoimplemented a suicide policy at this stage and turned around to invade thesouthern Song Dynasty border. After all, due to its broken militarystrength and Song Jun's waiting work, such an attempt is a newfront. After the Northern Expedition began, although the Lin'an court didnot dare to take the initiative to attack, it subsidized the opponent byfunding the Red Army. Jin Guo also had to prepare special forces toprevent southern soldiers from entering from behind.

In 1223, Mongolia's military pressure eased due to the death of Mukari, whocommanded the anti-king war. However, the two sides have never reached anysettlement and large-scale conflicts are increasing. To help them survivethe crisis, Golden State has begun a series of military and politicalreforms. In addition to strengthening the centralization of power in HenanProvince, he did not forget to mobilize civilian forces all over the country toloyal to him, and produced nine feudal officials, the effect of which was farless than expected. However, with the exception of the loyal and filialarmy composed of people exiled from the grasslands, most of the expanded armywas of poor quality. If it can be kept at a city fort or a mountain pass,it is considered an elite. Once you lose your barrier and step into thebattlefield, it will be difficult for you to survive the rapid attack ofMongolian cavalry.

The capabilities of the expanding Golden Army have not improved.

After Kaifeng met

on his throne, wokuotai considered the destruction of gold a top priority.

In 1230, Wo Kuotai became the new empire monarch. By this time, theMongolian army had eliminated Xixia and swept Shaanxi and Shaanxi withdevastating power. Even Khitan and Jurchen nobles have been liquidatedbefore. So far, Jin's control area has been compressed to the east of Tongguan,the southern bank of the Yellow River, and part of the Jianghuai Basin. Inorder to establish his personal prestige, Wo Kuotai urgently needed surgery onhis father's biggest enemy. Therefore, the West Expedition was completelysuspended, and everything was done to eliminate the Hong Yan family.

Later this year, two Mongolian troops were sent from Shanxi andShaanxi. The former was personally directed by Wo Kuotai and intended tocross the Yellow River directly south. The latter was led by Prince Trow,and was about to bypass the Kaiguan line to the south to avoid the Tongguanline. It

also anticipated that its deadline was approaching. Jin Aizongdevoted his life to fighting Mongolia, mobilized 200,000 troops from all overthe country, and went northward with a field army centered on the elite loyaltyand filial piety. At the same time, more local troops cannot be deployedand they are ready in their respective cities. Jurchen's plan is tocontinue to use Tongguan to block south of Wokuotai. Then use hard walland fortress tactics to clear the field to limit speed shocks and try to findopportunities to hit it violently. However, the inherent urbanconstruction system in the Central Plains region made the plan difficult toimplement from the beginning. A large number of cities of limited size andarmor class cannot withstand large-scale attacks for a longtime. Therefore, the Golden Army will still have to establish positions inthe wild and be forced to conduct the most dangerous field battle.

Regrettably, 40,000 Mongolian elite cavalry on Subotai took the lead in settingup Sanshan, and the Jin army chose to be stationed in Sanshan. Afterharassing his opponents with 3,000 light fighters, he besieged as many as130,000 Jinguo infantry and logistics civilians. Despite the constantattack by loyal and filial armies, they were still unable to kill a bloody pathfrom the Mongol front. They did not rush to get there until the gapdeliberately let go by North Jiangsu was discovered. In the end, theorderly retreat became annihilated, and most soldiers were chased to death bythe accompanying Mongolian cavalry.

The defeat of the Three Kingdoms War consumed all the field power of the GoldenKingdom. The road map

of the last fortress of the Wanyan family to

destroy gold in Mongolia

When the news of the Sansanli War spread, the troops that still held Tongguanand the south bank of the Yellow River surrendered one after another. WoKuotai also successfully arrived on the south bank with a main force includinga large number of infantry, and joined the victorious northernJiangsu. This is February 1332, and gradually warmer weather will be moreconducive to large-scale military operations.

As the field army was completely destroyed, Jin Aizong still mobilized moremanpower and stuffed the remaining forces and surrounding defenders intoKaifeng. This allowed the city garrison to increase to 100,000 in a shortperiod of time, enough to deal with the heavy casualties caused by fiercefighting. Kaifeng, Nanjing, Jinzhou became the last bastion of the Wanyanclan. The decades-long strengthening of the Yugoslav capital's defensesystem is a material guarantee to support its will to resist.

The Kaifeng of Nanjing in the Jin Dynasty was larger than the beam of the NorthernSong Dynasty.

During the Jurchen journey south to conquer the Central Plains, the capital ofthe Song Dynasty was besieged several times and severely damaged during thewar. However, after the highly localized Yan ascended the throne, he oncewanted to move the capital to Kaifeng. The palace left over from theNorthern Song Dynasty was completely destroyed in the fire, but the Jin peoplewere able to expand on the original site on a large scale. The first is apalace with the effect of an Acropolis fortress, and the second is a peripheralcity that needs to be expanded accordingly.

This makes Nanjing, the capital of the Jin Kingdom, larger than the imperialcity of the previous dynasty. Not only does it help to store morematerial, it can also accommodate large-scale troops when needed. Theheight of the walls has also increased, making it harder for stone throwers andinfantry. The reopened moat also provides outermost protection. Afterthe Jin army moved south, it also did a lot of practice and preparation for thecity's hard battles, so it is no stranger to such a battlefield environment.

Jurchen nobles hunted on horseback

but the Mongolian army at this time was by no means a pure nomadic forcehelping Yanjing. A large number of Khitans turned to the Khitans who wereclose to their language, which quickly led to the emergence of infantry andinfantry under the Khan rule. Its leader can be isolated from the worldand become a hereditary feudal aristocracy within his jurisdiction. Thismode of high-pressure rule different from that of the Golden State soonattracted a large number of Han armed forces to take refuge.

The Han army with them at their core has become the real main force of theMongolian Empire to conquer most parts of East Asia. Because they can notonly bring qualified infantry tactics, but also provide siege skills thatgrassland troops generally lack. Their existence has also demonstrated thenature of the united front.

The leading Mongolians undoubtedly took the initiative from the beginning. Alarge number of light cavalry patrolled around the city and quickly cut off anysupplies that might have flowed into the city. As a result, Kaifengresidents who tried to escape were forced to return behind the city walls tospeed up the material consumption of the garrison. When the negotiationsbetween the two sides broke down completely, the villages and towns aroundKaifeng had been looted, and the entire city was completely deprived ofavailable resources. Although Jin Aizong has ordered the remainingsupplies to be stored, these supplies still cannot accommodate 100,000 armedpersonnel and more civilians.

Facing the siege of Jin Aizong, the ministers were helpless.

Subsequently, the Mongolian army also mobilized a large number of military civiliansto carry out geotechnical engineering operations. Digging a few trenches,turned into a magic, gradually blocked the fortress space. There is alsoan aisle between the ditch so that engineers can appear in any area theyneed. Hundreds of temporary stone throwers were deployed behind thetrenches. The Mongolian artillery has no advantage in terms of range andweapon power because it does not get better counterweight bouldering technologyfrom the West. But they had time, slowly slaughtering Jin Shoujun'stroops, ammunition and will to resist.

Although King can only fight for the sleepy beast, it still has advantages insome small areas. As a result of their long relationship with the SouthernSong Dynasty, they successfully mastered the original gunpowder technology andused it to arm their stone thrower units. Although this early gunpowderwas often used as a combustion aid, it was sufficient to promote explosiveeffects. Therefore, Jinbing in the early Song Dynasty began to make metal shellsto enhance the killing effect. The flying rifle that individual soldierscan use is a powdered bamboo tube tied to the front of a spear. Althoughclose, we can still use small-scale blasting to release the iron chamber andkill the enemy. If there is no extra bamboo tube to replace, the soldierscan continue to fight with spears. As for the rockets that used thistechnology earlier, they are also owned by both the offensive and defensivesides.

The symbolic and threatening nature of the flying rifle is far greater than itsactual significance.

During the months-long attack, Mongolia was countered by Jin Guo's engineeringweapons. As the trenches gradually penetrated the Kaifeng city walls, thefirepower density and accuracy of the defenders gradually increased. TheMongols tried to solve this problem in the old way, protecting the digger witha fire shield wrapped in leather. Later, he came up with the idea toreinforce the entire row of fire shields with iron chains. These measureswill undoubtedly greatly reduce the damage caused by shrapnel, but they stillcannot stop iron bullets that happen to hit directly. Especially whengunpowder exploded successfully, soldiers and their shields several meters awaywere immediately destroyed.

However, the stone throwers and rockets of Mongolian engineers will also play arole in the future. Outside or on top of the rammed earth wall, there aremany temporary wooden fortifications. These usually contain the fragilepart of the defender, which is the target of the attacker's priorityattack. In addition to direct damage, it can also cause persistent firesin the city.

The Mongolian army trapped in the bitter battle of the city gates

continued to siege, and the shortage of Kaifeng's supplies began to appear inthe late summer. To continue to resist, soldiers often use force to robthe people of their rations, and those who disobey may be considered traitorsand punished on the spot. Jin Aizong's tough policy to the end also maderegular executions of spies common. The population was over-concentratedand a large-scale plague broke out during the siege.

As long as the Mongolians continue to intensify their offensives, there willinevitably be a shortage of basic supplies of the garrison. The heavilyused gunpowder consumes the fastest and is easily found by the otherparty. As for the metals used to make ammunition and arrows that requirespecial materials, the blockade will gradually become scarce. In addition,these weapons are the last advantage of the Golden State Army, so it is easy tocause frustration of forces other than low morale.

Mongolia's siege has absolute advantages in time and space.

The fall of Nanjing

On the eve of the city's destruction, Jin Aizong was forced to break throughwith several followers.

At the end of 1232, Jin Aizong knew that Kaifeng could not holdon. However, before leading a few loyal troops to break power

, Cui Li, who defended the city, finally opened the door and surrendered to WoKuotai.

In addition, Mongolian soldiers also carried out mass robbery as usual afterentering the city on February 26. However, unlike previous practices,leaving only artisans and killing other residents, this time they will sellfood to the rich without opening up much of the slaughter model. Only thecontrolled male royal family was beheaded symbolically. This change, whichwas ignored by later generations, also had a huge impact on the furtherexpansion of Mongolia.

In any case, the fall of Kaifeng in Nanjing showed that the Jurchen Jin Guo wasdying. Due to the large-scale southward movement to the mainland,Northeast Asian fighters who had caused Khitan, Xixia, and the Northern SongDynasty to fall into a vulnerable group lacking military capabilities in theshortest time. Although some people retain the courage and insight oftheir ancestors, they cannot stop the irreversible decline of the entire group.

Archeological discoveries of the Jurchen heavy cavalry armor

Despite this, Jin showed a very tenacious side in the war withMongolia. As a result, both sides of the Yellow River suffered more wartraumas than the Yangtze River basin and western regions. The SouthernSong Dynasty, which was dragged into the war, will launch the last NorthernExpedition for unrealistic targets. Finally, in the old battlefield of theMongolian-Kim conflict, I experienced the bitter results of failure and began anew round of nightmares.

Special statement: The above content (such as pictures or videos) is uploadedand posted by users of the media platform "NetEase". NetEase onlyprovides information storage services.